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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク GNSS road pricing ： ウィキペディア英語版 GNSS road pricing GNSS road pricing or GNSS tolling is the charging of road users using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors inside vehicles. Advocates argue that road pricing using GNSS permits a number of policies such as tolling by distance on urban roads and can be used for many other applications in parking, insurance and vehicle emissions. Critics argue that GNSS could lead to an invasion of people’s privacy.〔(A presentation explaining the benefits and privacy issues of GNSS road pricing )〕 ==History== Even though GNSS and electronic toll collection have been around for decades, the idea of using satellites for road tolling is quite recent. The first successful demonstration of GNSS Road Pricing systems was given in 1994 during the ETC field trials on the A555 motorway between Bonn and Cologne (Germany). It was done using the American NavStar GPS System, which was commissioned that year (There were no other GNSS systems that had been commissioned in 1994). In 1998, the European Union published a report which proposed the use of GNSS to charge vehicles by distance.〔() Fair Payment for Infrastructure Use: A phased approach to a common transport infrastructure charging framework in the EU, ''Commission of the European Communities'', July 22, 1998.〕 Germany introduced the first the GNSS road pricing system for truck tolling in 2005.〔() IDG article on German Truck Tolling〕 In 2007, the Netherlands legislated the implementation of GNSS road pricing by 2011, and nationwide by 2016.〔() () Dutch Ministry site describing the Netherlands tolling plans〕 However the project was declared controversial and subsequently put on indefinite hold due to the Dutch government collapse on February 20, 2010. 〔() Controversy over Dutch kilometre charge poll〕 Official rejection of the proposed national road pricing in the Netherlands has been sealed after the largest party in Dutch government, i.e., the CDA, in March 2010.〔(Netherlands road pricing set back, 19 March 2010 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「GNSS road pricing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.